Dioscorea alata / Dioscorea rubella / Elephantodon eburnea Seeds. In turn, D. esculenta is believed to have been introduced by the Lapita culture into New Guinea. However, much older remains identified as being probably D. alata have also been recovered from the Niah Caves of Borneo (Late Pleistocene, <40,000 BP) and the Ille Cave of Palawan (c. 11,000 BP), along with remains of the toxic ubi gadong (D. hispida) which requires processing before it can be edible.
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